Association between serum triglyceride level and severity of acute biliary pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) is the most common type of acute pancreatitis. However, the effect of serum triglyceride (TG) levels on the severity of ABP remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between serum TG levels and the severity of ABP. METHODS: Data from 526 ABP patients was analyzed in this study. The patients were divided into normal and elevated groups according to the TG level measured within 24 h after admission, and the elevated group was further divided into mild, moderate, and severe elevated groups. The demographic data and clinical outcomes of each group were compared. RESULTS: Of the 526 ABP patients, 394 were in the normal TG group and 132 were in the elevated TG group (36 mild, 57 moderate, and 39 severe). The elevated group was younger (51.5 ± 12.9 vs. 58.9 ± 13.9), predominantly male (66.7% vs. 45.2%), had more history of diabetes (22.7% vs. 12.4%) and hyperlipidemia (19.7% vs. 0.8%), and developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (25.8% vs. 15.5%), persistent organ failure (POF) (11.4% vs. 2.8%), and local complications (62.9% vs. 42.1%) more frequently compared to the normal group (P < 0.05). The incidence of SIRS, POF, acute peripancreatic fluid collection (APFC), and acute necrotic collection (ANC) increased with increasing TG levels (Ptrend < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, TG was independently associated with POF, APFC, and ANC in increments of 100 mg/dl (P < 0.05), and there was a linear relationship between TG levels and POF, APFC, and ANC (non-linear P > 0.05, P overall <0.05). In addition, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is not a risk factor for POF, ANC, and APFC in ABP patients. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum TG levels were independently associated with more severe ABP. The incidence of POF, APFC, and ANC in ABP patients increased with the increase of TG levels, with a linear relationship.

Prophylactic Intra-abdominal Drainage is Associated With Lower Postoperative Complications in Patients With Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic intraoperative drains have been shown not superior for patients underwent intestinal surgery. However, for patients with Crohn's disease (CD), this needs further exploration. METHODS: In this pilot study, CD patients were randomly assigned to drain (n = 50) and no-drain (n = 50) groups. The primary endpoint was the rate of postoperative prolonged ileus (PPOI). The secondary endpoints were postoperative abdominal ascites, postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. RESULTS: The incidences of PPOI and postoperative abdominal ascites were significantly lower in the drain group (12% vs 44%; 0% vs 24%, both P < .05). Postoperative SIRS incidence and CRP levels were significantly increased in the no-drain group [36% vs 10%; 54.9 vs 34.3 mg/L, both P < .05]. In multivariate analysis, prophylactic drainage was the independent protective factor for PPOI and postoperative LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic drainage may be associated with improved clinical outcomes in CD patients.

Association of systemic inflammatory response index and plaque characteristics with the severity and recurrence of cerebral ischemic events.

AIM: We aimed to investigate the relationship between systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and intracranial plaque features, as well as the risk factors related to the severity and recurrence of cerebral ischemic events. METHODS: We enrolled 170 patients with cerebral ischemic events. Baseline demographic characteristics and laboratory indicators were collected from all participants. All patients were assessed by high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging for culprit plaque characteristics and intracranial atherosclerotic burden. Outpatient or telephone follow-up were conducted at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. RESULTS: SIRI levels were significantly associated with the enhanced plaque number (r = 0.205, p = 0.007), total plaque stenosis score (r = 0.178, p = 0.020), total plaque enhancement score (r = 0.222, p = 0.004), intraplaque hemorrhage (F = 5.630, p = 0.004), and plaque surface irregularity (F = 3.986, p = 0.021). Higher SIRI levels (OR = 1.892), total plaque enhancement score (OR = 1.392), intraplaque hemorrhage (OR = 3.370) and plaque surface irregularity (OR = 2.846) were independent risk factors for moderate-severe stroke, and these variables were significantly positively correlated with NIHSS (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, higher age (HR = 1.063, P = 0.015), higher SIRI levels (HR = 2.003, P < 0.001), and intraplaque hemorrhage (HR = 4.482, P = 0.008) were independently associated with recurrent stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Higher SIRI levels may have adverse effects on the vulnerability and burden of intracranial plaques, and links to the severity and recurrence of ischemic events. Therefore, SIRI may provide important supplementary information for evaluating intracranial plaque stability and risk stratification of patients.

Infection, Inflammation, and Poststroke Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation are dementia risk factors in population-based cohorts; however, studies in stroke are scarce. We determined the prevalence of infection after stroke and routinely measured inflammatory biomarkers during hospitalization and their associations with acute and 6-month cognitive impairment. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective stroke cohort completed the Oxford Cognitive Screen at ≤2 weeks and 6 months after stroke. Infection, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, white cell count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were ascertained throughout admission with electronic patient records supplemented by hand searches. Associations with acute and 6-month global and domain-specific cognitive impairment were analyzed using multivariable regression, adjusting for demographic/vascular factors and stroke severity. Among 255 patients (mean age, 73.9 [SD, 12.6] years; 46.3% women; mean education, 12.6 [SD, 3.7] years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 5 [range, minimum-maximum, 0-30]), infection was present in 90 patients (35.3%) at mean 4.4 (SD, 6.9) days after stroke, consisting predominantly of pneumonia (47/90; 52%) and urinary tract infection (39/90; 43%). Admission white cell count was elevated in 25.1% (n=64; mean, 9.5×109/L [SD, 3.2×109/L]), C-reactive protein in 41.2% (n=105; mean, 27.5 [SD, 50.9 mg/L]), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in 55.7% (n=97; mean, 5.5 [SD, 4.5]), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in 26.6% (n=53 [45.2%] positive during hospitalization). Infection was associated with acute and 6-month poststroke cognitive impairment (P<0.05adj) with stronger associations acutely for severe infection (infection+systemic inflammatory response syndrome; P=0.03adj). Acute language, executive function and attention domain impairments, and 6-month number processing impairment were associated with infection (P<0.05adj). No significant relationships were found for any biomarker and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Infection and elevations in routinely measured inflammatory biomarkers are common following stroke; however, only infection is associated with poststroke cognitive impairment, suggesting that increases in these biomarkers may be nonspecific. Infection may present a tractable target for reducing poststroke cognitive impairment.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: prevalence, characteristics, and impact on prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging zoonosis with a high fatality rate in China. Previous studies have reported that dysregulated inflammatory response is associated with disease pathogenesis and mortality in patients with SFTS. This investigation aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and its impact on prognosis. METHODS: Data on demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, and survival time of patients with SFTS were collected. Patients were divided into the non-SIRS and SIRS groups according to the presence of SIRS, then their clinical data were compared. RESULTS: A total of 290 patients diagnosed with SFTS were retrospectively enrolled, including 126(43.4%) patients with SIRS. Patients in the non-survivor group had more prevalence of SIRS than patients in the survivor group (P < 0.001), and SIRS (adjusted OR 2.885, 95% CI 1.226-6.786; P = 0.005) was shown as an independent risk factor for prognosis of patients with SFTS. Compared with patients without SIRS, patients with SIRS had lower WBC and neutrophils counts, and fibrinogen levels, but higher AST, LDH, amylase, lipase, CK, CK-MB, troponin I, APTT, thrombin time, D-dimer, CRP, IL-6, SAA levels, and viral load. The cumulative survival rate of patients with SIRS was significantly lower than that of patients without SIRS. Patients with SIRS also showed a higher incidence of bacterial or fungal infections than patients without SIRS. CONCLUSIONS: SIRS is highly frequent in patients with SFTS, and it is associated with high mortality.

A case of meningoencephalitis caused by multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adult SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A 37-year-old woman was hospitalized with fever and consciousness disturbance. She showed systemic inflammation with stress cardiomyopathy. Brain computed tomography showed diffuse brain edema. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings revealed markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure with pleocytosis, elevated protein, and elevated interleukin 6. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nicking enzyme amplification reaction test using a nasopharyngeal swab was positive, and the patient was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. From the negative result of the CSF SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test and no findings of bacterial or viral infection, we diagnosed meningoencephalitis by multisystem inflammation syndrome in adults (MIS-A). Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy improved her symptoms and brain edema. There have been no cases of MIS-A with meningoencephalitis, and no initial treatment strategy has been established, especially in emergency cases of suspected MIS-A. The present case suggested Early intravenous methylprednisolone pulse with anti-coronaviral therapies after the exclusion of bacterial infection would be useful in suspected MIS-A with emergent meningoencephalitis cases.

Influence of enlarged waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia in the severity of acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study / Influencia del aumento de la circunferencia de la cintura y la hipertrigliceridemia en la gravedad de la pancreatitis aguda: un estudio retrospectivo

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is a frequent inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder with high mortality rates in severe forms. An early evaluation of its severity is key to identify high-risk patients. This study assessed the influence of waist circumference together with hypertriglyceridemia on the severity of acute pancreatitis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed, which included patients admitted with acute pancreatitis from March 2014 to March 2021. Patients were classified into four phenotype groups according to their waist circumference and triglyceride levels: normal waist circumference and normal triglycerides; normal waist circumference and elevated triglycerides; enlarged waist circumference and normal triglycerides; and enlarged waist circumference and triglycerides, namely hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype. Clinical outcomes were compared among the groups. Results: 407 patients were included. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and intensive care unit admission were most frequent among patients in the HTGW phenotype group, at 44.9% and 8.2%, respectively. The incidence of local complications was higher in the normal waist circumference with elevated triglycerides group (27%). On multivariable analysis, an enlarged waist circumference was related to an increase of 4% and 2% in the likelihood of developing organ failure and SIRS, respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia was an independent risk factor for both organ failure and local complications. Conclusions: HTGW phenotype was significant related to developing of SIRS. It seems that an enlarged waist circumference has a greater role than hypertriglyceridemia in the development of SIRS. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were both independent risk factors for organ failure. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia were more likely to develop local complications. (AU)

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda es una patología frecuente con altas tasas de mortalidad en sus formas graves. Este estudio evaluó la influencia de la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) junto con la hipertrigliceridemia en la gravedad de la pancreatitis aguda. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con pancreatitis aguda desde 2014 hasta 2021. Los pacientes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos fenotípicos según su CC y los niveles de triglicéridos: CC normal y triglicéridos normales, CC normal y triglicéridos elevados, CC aumentada y triglicéridos normales, y CC aumentada y triglicéridos elevados, es decir, el fenotipo cintura hipertrigliceridémica (HTGW). Resultados: Se incluyeron 407 pacientes. El síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS) y la admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos fueron más frecuentes entre los pacientes con fenotipo HTGW, en 44,9 y 8,2%, respectivamente. La incidencia de complicaciones locales fue mayor en el grupo de CC normal con triglicéridos elevados (27%). En el análisis multivariable, una CC aumentada se relacionó con un aumento de 4 y 2% en la probabilidad de desarrollar fallo orgánico y SIRS, respectivamente. La hipertrigliceridemia fue un factor de riesgo tanto para el fallo orgánico como para las complicaciones locales. Conclusiones: El fenotipo HTGW se relacionó con el desarrollo de SIRS. Parece que una CC aumentada tiene un papel más importante que la hipertrigliceridemia en el desarrollo de SIRS. La obesidad y la hipertrigliceridemia fueron factores de riesgo independientes para el fallo orgánico. Los pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia tenían más probabilidades de desarrollar complicaciones locales. (AU)

Acute kidney injury is an unfavorable prognostic factor in acute liver failure and is associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of acute liver failure (ALF); but its pathogenesis is unknown. ALF was divided into 2 subgroups; ALF with hepatic coma, which corresponds to ALF in the US and Europe, and ALF without hepatic coma. AKI has been shown to worsen the prognosis of ALF patients with hepatic coma; however, its prognostic significance in ALF without hepatic coma remains unknown. A single-center retrospective study of 174 patients with ALF was performed. AKI was defined according to KDIGO criteria. AKI developed in 29 (66.0%) of 44 ALF patients with hepatic coma and 27 (38.5%) of 130 ALF patients without hepatic coma. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was found to be significantly associated with AKI incidence in ALF patients (P < .001). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was found to be significantly associated with the presence and severity of AKI (P = .0039 and P = .0140, respectively). On multivariate analysis, TNF-α was an independent risk factor linked with AKI (P = .0103). Even in the absence of hepatic coma, the transplant-free survival rate of ALF was significantly associated with the presence and severity of AKI. Even when hepatic coma is absent, AKI complicated in ALF is strongly associated with TNF-α and worsens the transplant-free survival rate. Before the onset of hepatic coma, plasma exchange, or extracorporeal blood purification to remove inflammatory cytokines should be considered in ALF patients.

Limping as Presenting Symptom of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): a Case Report of Large Vessel Vasculitis in MIS-C.

Background: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of children (MIS) is a pathological condition that occurs in response to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, the syndrome has been described as a "Kawasaki disease"-like illness and the spectrum of associated abnormalities, including vascular complications, remain to be fully defined. Objective: The aim of this article was to present a case of MISC presented with limping and associated with large vessel vasculitis. Case presentation: In this article we present a case of 10-year-old male presented to emergency department complaining of limping of one-week duration and left hip pain, associated with high grade prolonged fever, abdominal pain and weight loss. The patient was ill looking, couldn't bear weight and was admitted to pediatric intensive care unit. Laboratory workup have rule out infectious and malignant causes as well as known rheumatological causes. Inflammatory markers were elevated. Ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, CT scan of the affected hip showed evidence of vasculitis extending from the left femoral artery reaching the left common iliac artery with intramural thrombus. According to WHO criteria the patient diagnoses was MIS-C. treatment was started immediately with IVIG and steroids in addition to anticoagulants, dramatic improvement was noticed within 24 hours. Patient was discharged after 10 days of hospitalization. Conclusion: MIS-C is a new emerging medical diagnosis after the pandemic of COVID-19. it is described a Kawasaki-like syndrome that affect small to medium vessels. This case reports a large vessel vasculitis associated with MIS-C, it helps the understand the extend of this new syndrome and the variety of complaints that may result from large vessels involvement.

Influence of Interleukin-2 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) on the Size of Myocardial Infarction in Rats with Systemic Inflammatory Response.

We studied the influence of recombinant IL-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the size of the myocardial necrosis zone of rats with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A significant increase in the necrosis zone and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines was revealed in animals with SIRS in comparison with the control. The administration of IL-2 to animals with SIRS significantly reduced the size of the necrosis zone, which was paralleled by a pronounced increase in IL-2 and BDNF in comparison with the corresponding parameters in rats with SIRS that did not receive IL-2. Administration of BDNF to animals with SIRS was followed by normalization of TNFα and IL-1α levels, but did not lead to a decrease in the size of the necrosis zone.

The effect of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic inflammatory response on perihematomal edema after intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Perihematomal edema (PHE) is a marker of secondary brain injury in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with increased inflammatory markers and neurological disability. This study aims to assess the effect of the neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on PHE measurements and functional status in patients with ICH. METHODS: We included 215 patients with primary ICH and the primary outcomes were absolute and relative PHE, and edema extension distance (EED). A favorable functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-2 measured 3 months after ICH. RESULTS: Median age was 73.0 years (interquartile range 66-80) and 54.4% patients were males. Fifty-nine patients were functionally independent at 90 days (mRS 0 to 2). NLR and SIRS were not predictors of absolute, relative PHE, and EED when adjusted for multiple confounders. However, admission NLR was independently associated with an unfavorable functional outcome at 90 days (aOR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.17-0.87; p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: NLR and SIRS are not independent predictors of absolute and relative PHE measurements following ICH. Nevertheless, NLR predicts long-term disability in ICH patients. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which inflammation causes neurological injury in ICH.

Successful Use of Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in a Patient with Post-COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is a life-threatening disease that can develop weeks after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MIS-A symptoms include multiorgan involvement, especially gastrointestinal tract and heart involvement, and Kawasaki disease-like symptoms. We herein report a 44-year-old Japanese man with MIS-A who had contracted COVID-19 five weeks ago and went into shock after acute gastroenteritis, acute kidney injury, and Kawasaki disease-like symptoms. Methylprednisone pulse and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin resulted in recovery of shock and his renal function, but diffuse ST-segment elevation on electrocardiography and pericardial effusion with a fever emerged after therapy. Additional granulocyte-monocyte adsorptive apheresis successfully ameliorated the cardiac involvement.

About the associations of vitamin D deficiency and biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population sample of almost 400,000 UK Biobank participants.

It is unknown whether the well-known association between vitamin D deficiency and mortality could be explained by the immune system modulating effects of vitamin D, which may protect from a systemic inflammatory response (SIR) to adverse health conditions. This study aims to investigate the interrelationships of vitamin D deficiency, biomarkers of SIR, and mortality. We used multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for 51 covariates to assess the associations of vitamin D deficiency with disadvantageous levels of nine biomarkers of SIR in the UK Biobank cohort. Furthermore, we tested with Cox regression and mediation analysis whether biomarkers of SIR and vitamin D deficiency were independently associated with mortality. We included 397,737 participants aged 37-73 years. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with disadvantageous levels of all blood cell count-based biomarkers, but not with C-reactive protein (CRP)-based biomarkers after adjustment for body weight. Vitamin D deficiency and all biomarkers of SIR were significantly associated with all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease. The strength of these associations was unaltered if vitamin D deficiency and biomarkers of SIR were put in the same model. This finding was further supported by the mediation analyses. This study showed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with disadvantageous levels of blood cell count-based but not CRP-based biomarkers of SIR. Vitamin D deficiency and systemic inflammation were independently and strongly associated with mortality. The potential of clinical interventions against both vitamin D deficiency and underlying causes of systemic inflammation should be explored.

Adjunctive hemoperfusion with Resin Hemoadsorption (HA) 330 cartridges improves outcomes in patients sustaining multiple Blunt Trauma: a prospective, quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and multi-organ failure are the leading causes of late death in patients sustaining severe blunt trauma. So far, there is no established protocol to mitigate these sequelae. This study assessed the effect of hemoperfusion using resin-hemoadsorption 330 (HA330) cartridges on mortality and complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) among such patients. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study recruited patients ≥ 15 years of age with blunt trauma, injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 15, or initial clinical presentation consistent with SIRS. They were divided into two groups: the Control group received only conventional acute care, while the case group received adjunctive hemoperfusion. P-values less than 0.05 were statistically significant. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included (Control and Case groups: 13 and 12 patients). The presenting vital signs, demographic and injury-related features (except for thoracic injury severity) were similar (p > 0.05). The Case group experienced significantly more severe thoracic injuries than the Control group (Thoracic AIS, median [IQR]: 3 [2-4] vs. 2 [0-2], p = 0.01). Eleven and twelve patients in the Case group had ARDS and SIRS before the hemoperfusion, respectively, and these complications were decreased considerably after hemoperfusion. Meanwhile, the frequency of ARDS and SIRS did not decrease in the Control group. Hemoperfusion significantly reduced the mortality rate in the Case group compared to the Control group (three vs. nine patients, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive Hemoperfusion using an HA330 cartridge decreases morbidity and improves outcomes in patients suffering from severe blunt trauma.

A unilateral whiteout lung in child with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2: one case report of a boy.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a relatively new and rare complication of COVID-19. This complication seems to develop after the infection rather than during the acute phase of COVID-19. This report aims to describe a case of MIS-C in an 8-year-old Thai boy who presented with unilateral lung consolidation. Unilateral whiteout lung is not a common pediatric chest radiograph finding in MIS-C, but this is attributed to severe acute respiratory failure. CASE PRESENTATION: An 8-year-old boy presented with persistent fever for seven days, right cervical lymphadenopathy, and dyspnea for 12 h. The clinical and biochemical findings were compatible with MIS-C. Radiographic features included total opacity of the right lung and CT chest found consolidation and ground-glass opacities of the right lung. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone, and he dramatically responded to the treatment. He was discharged home in good condition after 8 days of treatment. CONCLUSION: Unilateral whiteout lung is not a common pediatric chest radiographic finding in MIS-C, but when it is encountered, a timely and accurate diagnosis is required to avoid delays and incorrect treatment. We describe a pediatric patient with unilateral lung consolidation from the inflammatory process.

Expression of placental glycans and its role in regulating peripheral blood NK cells during preeclampsia: a perspective.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related multisystem disorder characterized by altered trophoblast invasion, oxidative stress, exacerbation of systemic inflammatory response, and endothelial damage. The pathogenesis includes hypertension and mild-to-severe microangiopathy in the kidney, liver, placenta, and brain. The main mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis have been proposed to limit trophoblast invasion and increase the release of extracellular vesicles from the syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation, exacerbating the systemic inflammatory response. The placenta expresses glycans as part of its development and maternal immune tolerance during gestation. The expression profile of glycans at the maternal-fetal interface may play a fundamental role in physiological pregnancy changes and disorders such as preeclampsia. It is unclear whether glycans and their lectin-like receptors are involved in the mechanisms of maternal-fetal recognition by immune cells during pregnancy homeostasis. The expression profile of glycans appears to be altered in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which could lead to alterations in the placental microenvironment and vascular endothelium in pregnancy conditions such as preeclampsia. Glycans with immunomodulatory properties at the maternal-fetal interface are altered in early-onset severe preeclampsia, implying that innate immune system components, such as NK cells, exacerbate the systemic inflammatory response observed in preeclampsia. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the role of glycans in gestational physiology and the perspective of glycobiology on the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders in gestation.

Bilateral keratouveitis associated with COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

We report the case of a 16-year-old girl admitted to hospital with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) secondary to COVID-19. Conjunctivitis-like symptoms prompted ocular examination, which demonstrated peripheral confluent corneal opacities and anterior uveitis. Uveitis laboratory investigations were negative, and with topical steroid treatment her signs and symptoms resolved completely. These features may be overlooked in the setting of MIS-C, where patients are systemically unwell and are typically examined at the bedside.

Clinical and Pharmacological Implications of Time to Treatment with Interleukin-1 Blockade in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade with anakinra given within 12 hours from reperfusion has been shown to reduce the inflammatory response as well as prevent heart failure (HF) events in patients with STEMI. We sought to determine whether time-to-treatment influences the efficacy of anakinra on systemic inflammation and incidence of HF events in patients with STEMI. We divided the cohort in two groups base6d on the median time from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to investigational drug, and analyzed the effects of anakinra on the area-under-the-curve for C reactive protein (AUC-CRP) and on incidence of the composite endpoint of death or new onset HF. We analyzed data from 139 patients: 84 (60%) treated with anakinra and 55 (40%) with placebo. The median time from PCI to investigational treatment was 271 (182-391) minutes. The AUC-CRP was significantly higher in patients receiving placebo versus anakinra both in those with time from PCI to treatment <271 minutes (222.6 [103.9-325.2] vs. 78.4 [44.3-131.2], P < 0.001) and those with time from PCI to treatment ≥271 minute (235.2 [131.4-603.4] vs. 75.5 [38.9-171.9], P < 0.001) (P > 0.05 for interaction). Anakinra significantly reduced the combined endpoint of death or new onset HF in patients with time from PCI to treatment <271 minutes (5 [11%] vs. 9n[36%], log-rank χ 2 5.985, P = 0.014) as well as in patients with time from PCI to drug ≥271 minutes (2n[5%] vs. 7 [23%], log-rank χ 2 3.995, P = 0.046) (P > 0.05 for interaction). IL-1 blockade with anakinra blunts the acute systemic inflammatory response and prevents HF events independent of time-to-treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In patients with ST segment elevation presenting within 12 hours of pain onset and treated within 12 hours of reperfusion, interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra blunts the acute systemic inflammatory response, a surrogate of interleukin-1 activity, and prevents heart failure events independent of time-to-treatment.

Clinical and immunological features in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: MIS-C is characterized by intense immune activation and increased production of cytokines. The aim of our study was to analyse the changes of cellular and humoral immune responses in children with MIS-C, depending on the severity of the disease. METHODS: To conduct the study, the results of clinical, hematological and immunological parameters in children with severe and extremely severe MIS-C were compared. A total of 50 patients participated in the study, which were divided into 3 groups, of which: 20 children with extremely severe MIS-C treated in the ICU (MIS-C ICU "+"); 15 children with severe MIS-C, but without the need for hospitalization in the ICU (MIS-C ICU "-"); 15 children who had COVID-19 and absence MIS-C (MIS-C "-") made up the control group. RESULTS: In patients with MIS-C hospitalized in the ICU, heart and liver damage, hematological changes, and the development of severe complications such as edematous syndrome, polyserositis, DIC, and cardiogenic shock were statistically more common. Both groups of children with MIS-C had CD3+ T-cell lymphopenia and a decrease in CD95 expression. In the group of children with MIS-C hospitalized in the ICU, a significant increase in the relative number of B-lymphocytes, CD3-HLA-DR+ and CD25 and decrease of NK-cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of hospitalization in the ICU in children with MIS-C is associated with more profound immune dysregulation, as evidenced by our data. (www.actabiomedica.it).